French Reader on the Cumulative Method: The story of Rodolphe and Coco the Chimpanzee
bon, meilleur, le meilleur, good, better, the best.
mauvais, pire, le pire, bad, worse, the worst.
petit, moindre, le moindre, little, less, the least.
Ce vin est bon, le vôtre est meilleur, mais le mien est le meilleur. Jean est mauvais, Jules est pire, mais Robert est le pire de l'école, or Jean est mauvais, Jules est plus mauvais, mais Robert est le plus mauvais de l'école. De deux maux il faut éviter le pire, of two evils avoid the worst. Ce n'est pas être petit que d'être moindre qu'un grand. Being less great is not being small. On ne sentait pas le moindre vent, not the least wind was felt.
2. Adverbs:
bien, mieux, le mieux, well, better, best.
mal, pis, le pis, bad, worse, worst.
peu, moins, le moins, little, less, least.
beaucoup, plus, le plus, much, more, most.
Albert écrit bien, Gustave écrit mieux, mais Jacques écrit le mieux. Thérèse lit mal, sa soeur lit encore pis (or plus mal), et leur frère lit le plus mal. Mon père a peu voyagé; moi j'ai encore moins voyagé, mais ma mère a le moins voyagé de toute notre famille.
§ 18. Demonstrative Adjectives.
Singular.
1. Masculine.--Ce, this or that, placed before a word beginning with a consonant. Cet, this or that, placed before a word beginning with a vowel or h mute. Feminine.--Cette, this or that.
Plural.
Ces, these or those, for both genders.
2. N. B.--In special designations ci and là are placed after the noun, as:
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ce livre-ci, this book (here). ce livre-là, that book (there). ces livres-ci, these books (here). |
cette plume-ci, this pen (here). cette plume-là, that pen (there). ces livres-là, those books (there). |
§ 19. Possessive Adjectives.
1. These are always joined to a noun, and agree with the thing possessed.
| Singular. | Plural. |
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Masculine. mon, ton, son, notre, votre, leur, |
Feminine. ma, ta, sa, notre, votre, leur, |
For both Genders. mes, my. tes, thy. ses, his, her, its. nos, our. vos, your. leurs, their. |
2. Before feminine nouns beginning with a vowel, or such as begin with h mute, mon, ton, son are used instead of ma, ta, sa, as:
Feminine Nouns.
mon (not ma) armoire, my wardrobe.
ton (not ta) ardoise, thy slate.
son (not sa) école, his or her school.
3. The possessive adjectives must be repeated before every noun. Mon père, ma mère, et ma soeur sont arrivés, my father, mother, and sister have arrived.
§ 20. Numeral Adjectives.
3. In dating the year the abbreviated form mil is used, as:
L'an mil huit cent quatre-vingt-douze, the year eighteen hundred and ninety-two.
4. In speaking of the days of the month, with the exception of the first--le premier--the cardinals, not the ordinals, are used, as:
Le dix-neuf juillet, the 19th of July; le vingt-six novembre, the 26th of November.
5. The cardinals are also used in speaking of rulers and princes:
Charles dix, Charles X; Henri huit, Henry VIII; Louis quatorze, Louis XIV; Georges trois, George III.
6. We must say, however, Henri premier, Henry the first.
7. Deux and second may be used either way--Charles deux or Charles second.
§ 21. Numeral Nouns.
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unité, unit. couple, paire, couple, pair. trio, three, trio. demi-douzaine, half-dozen. huitaine, eight days. neuvaine, nine days of prayer. dizaine, ten. douzaine, dozen. quinzaine, fortnight. vingtaine, score, twenty. |
trentaine, thirty. quarantaine, two score. cinquantaine, fifty. soixantaine, sixty. quatre-vingtaine, eighty. une centaine, one hundred. deux centaines, two hundred. un millier, one thousand. deux milliers, two thousand. un million, one million. |
§ 22. Fractional Numerals.
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1. Un quart, one quarter. le tiers, the third. |
la moitié, the half. un cinquième, one fifth. |
2. Demi before and after its noun:
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une demi-heure, half an hour. |
une heure et demie, an hour and a half. |
§ 23. Ordinal Adverbs.
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Premièrement, first, in the first place. |
deuxièmement, secondement, secondly. |
§ 24. Indefinite Adjectives.
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Masculine. 1. aucun, chaque, même, nul, plusieurs, |
Feminine. aucune, not any. chaque, every, each. même, same, self, even. nulle, no. plusieurs, several. |
Masculine. quel, quelconque, quelque, tel, tout, |
Feminine. quelle, what. quelconque, whatever, some, any. quelque, some. telle, such. toute, all, every. |
2. Aucun requires ne before the verb:
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aucun ami, no friend. aucun ami n'est venu me voir, aucune amie n'est venue me voir, |
aucune amie, no (lady) friend. no friend has come to see me. no (lady) friend has come to see me. |
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3. Chaque ville, chaque village était représenté. |
Every town, every village was represented. |
4. Même as an adjective means same, very, self; as an adverb, even.
5. Nul, like aucun, requires ne before the verb; it is stronger than aucun.
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Nul de mes fils se fera acteur, Nulle de mes filles se fera actrice, Pas un homme, pas une femme (Nul homme, nulle femme) n'est venu me voir, |
No son of mine shall become an actor. No daughter of mine shall be an actress. Not a man, not a woman has come to see me. |
6. Plusieurs is invariable:
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Plusieurs fois, several times. Plusieurs raisons, several reasons. |
Plusieurs livres, several books. Plusieurs rues, several streets. |
7. Quel, quelle; quels, quelles.
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Quel malheur! Quelle personne, quelle chose vous déplaît? Quels beaux yeux! Quelles charmantes manières! |
What a misfortune! What person, what thing displeases you? What beautiful eyes! What charming manners! |
8. Quelconque stands after the noun:
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Je prétexterai une affaire quelconque, |
I shall feign some kind of business. |
9. Quelque, in the sense of some, is variable:
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Il a quelque mérite, Je lui ai donné quelques pièces d'argent, |
He has some merit. I have given him some pieces of money. |
10. Quelque, in the sense of about, is invariable:
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J'ai perdu quelque trois cents dollars, |
I have lost about three hundred dollars. |
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11. Tel homme, such man. Telle femme, such woman. |
Tels travaux, such works. Telles fleurs, such flowers. |
12. Tout, meaning every, varies only for the feminine:
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Tout homme doit faire son devoir, Toute ville a ses magistrats, |
Every man ought to do his duty. Every city has its officers. |
13. Tout, meaning all, varies in gender and number:
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Tout le monde, all mankind--everybody. Toute la terre, all the earth. |
Tous mes enfants, all my children. Toutes ses lettres, all his letters. |
§ 25. The Pronoun.
There are five kinds of pronouns:
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The personal, The possessive, The demonstrative, |
The relative, The indefinite. |
§ 26. The Personal Pronoun.
1. Nominative Form. Reflective Form. Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. 1st pers. je, I, nous, we. me, myself, nous, ourselves. 2d " tu, thou, vous, you, ye. te, thyself, vous, yourselves. 3d " {il, he, it, m., ils, m., they. se { himself {elle, she, it, f., elles, f., they. soi { herself, se, themselves { itself
2. Accusative:
When placed before the verb.
Singular. Plural. 1st pers. me, me. nous, us. 2d " te, thee. vous, you. {le, m., him, it. { both 3d " { les, them { {la, f., her, it. { gend.
When placed after the verb.
Singular. Plural. 1st pers. moi, me. nous, us. 2d " toi, thee. vous, you. {le, m., him, it. { both 3d " { les, them { {la, f., her, it. { gend.
3. Dative:
When placed before the verb.
Singular. Plural. 1st pers. me, to me. nous, to us. 2d " te, to thee. vous, to you. {to him. leur, to them (both gend.). 3d " lui, {to her. {to it.
When placed after the verb.
Singular. Plural. à moi, to me. à nous, to us. à toi, to thee. à vous, to you. à lui, to him. à eux, m., } } to them. à elle, to her. à elles, f.,}
4. Genitive and ablative:
Always placed after the verb.
Singular. Plural.
de moi, of or from me. de nous, of or from us.
de toi, of or from thee. de vous, of or from you.
de lui, of or from him. d'eux, m., of or from them.
d'elle, of or from her. d'elles, f., of or from them.
§ 27. Possessive Pronouns.
1. The possessive pronouns, like the possessive adjectives, agree with the thing possessed. Some relate to one person, some to several.
2. Possessives relating to one person:
Singular. Plural. Masculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. 1st pers. le mien, la mienne. les miens, les miennes, mine. 2d " le tien, la tienne. les tiens, les tiennes, thine. 3d " le sien, la sienne. les siens, les siennes, his, hers, its.
3. Relating to two or more persons:
Singular. Plural. Masculine. Feminine. Masculine and Feminine. 1st pers. le nôtre, la nôtre. les nôtres, ours. 2d " le vôtre, la vôtre. les vôtres, yours. 3d " le leur, la leur. les leurs, theirs. Votre jardin et le mien, Your garden and mine. Vos enfants et les miens, Your children and mine. Notre maison et la sienne, Our house and his (or hers). Nos fleurs et les leurs, Our flowers and theirs.
§ 28. Demonstrative Pronouns.
1. Singular. Plural. Masculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. {this. {these. celui, celle, { ceux, celles, { {that. {those. celui-ci, celle-ci, this (here). ceux-ci, celles-ci, these (here}. celui-là, celle-là, that (there}. ceux-là, celles-là, those (there}. ce, it, they.
2. Absolute Demonstrative Pronouns.
ceci, this, }
} not used in the plural.
cela, that, }
3. The demonstrative pronouns celui, celle, etc., assume the gender and number of the nouns for which they stand:
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Mon ami et celui de mon frère, Ma femme et celle de mon voisin, Voilà mon livre, celui-ci est à vous et celui-là, est à lui, Voilà ma chambre, celle-ci est à mon frère et celle-là, est à ma soeur. |
My friend and my brother's. My wife and my neighbor's. Here is my book; this one is yours and that one is his. Here is my room; this one is my brother's and that one is my sister's. |
4. Ce, it, as the nominative of the verb être:
c'est moi, it is I. c'est vous, it is you.
5. The absolutes ceci, cela serve only to point out objects:
Prenez ceci, take this. Rendez-moi cela, give me that back.
§ 29. Relative Pronouns.
1. Qui, who, which (nominative). de qui, of, from whom, } genitive and
que, whom, which (accusative). dont, of, from whom; which, } ablative.
à qui, to whom (dative).
2. Singular. Plural. Masculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles, who, which. duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles, of, from which. auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles, to which. y, to it, of it, etc. en, of it, of them, etc. quoi, what, which, why, etc.
3. Qui stands generally for persons or things in the nominative; thus it is invariable:
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Le monsieur qui entra le premier était mon père, |
The gentleman who entered first was my father. |
4. As an absolute it has no antecedent.
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Qui n'obéit pas aux lois n'est pas un bon citoyen, |
He who does not obey the laws is not a good citizen. |
5. Interrogatively, as an absolute, it may either stand in the nominative or objective.
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Qui chante? Qui voyez-vous? |
Who sings? Whom do you see? |
6. Que stands generally in the objective; it is thus invariable, and used for persons or things.
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Les visites que j'ai faites, Les livres que vous m'avez prêtés, |
The visits that I have made. The books which you have lent me. |
7. Que, as an interrogative, has no antecedent.
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Que desirez-vous? Que dit-on? |
What do you wish? What do people say? |
8. Quoi, what, is invariable and used only of things; it may be used absolutely or relatively.
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Il y avait je ne sais quoi dans son caractère qui me déplaisait, Je ne sais à quoi vous pensez, |
There was something in his character which displeased me. I know not of what you think. |
9. Dont, whose, of whom, of which, used for persons and things, is invariable.
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Je parle des parents dont l'enfant s'est noyé hier, Ce dont vous parliez hier est arrivé, |
I speak of the parents whose child was drowned yesterday. Of what you spoke yesterday has happened. |
10. De qui is preferable to dont whenever in English we would rather say from which than of which.
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Le floriste de qui j'ai reçu ces fleurs, |
The florist from whom I have received these flowers. |
11. Lequel, laquelle, lesquelles, who, which one, relate to persons and things, and should stand only for nominatives and objectives, to avoid ambiguity.
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Voilà deux vases, lequel voulez-vous? Laquelle de vos filles est l'ainée? L'esclave était la propriété du maître, au pouvoir duquel rien ne pouvait le soustraire, L'homme à qui or auquel je me suis adressé, Les femmes pour qui or pour lesquelles vous faites des emplettes, |
Here are two vases; which one will you have? Which one of your daughters is the eldest? The slave was the master's property, from the power of whom nothing could extricate him. The man to whom I have applied. The women for whom you make some purchases. |
12. En, of it, of them, is invariable, and relates mostly to animals and things.
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Vous en parlez, you speak of it. |
J'en ai, I have some of it. |
(See en joined to the verb avoir, in § 33.)
13. Y, to it, to them, thereto, of it, is invariable. It is used of things. Adverbially it means there.
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J'y pense nuit et jour, Je vous promets d'y être, |
I think of it day and night. I promise you to be there. |
§ 30. Indefinite Pronouns.
1. These pronouns refer to persons and things in a general way:
2. A autrui, to others, d'autrui, of others, apply only to persons.
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Ne fais à autrui ce que tu ne voudrais pas qu'on te fit, C'est de la folie de s'affliger des succès d'autrui or des autres, |
Do not unto others that which thou wouldst not like to be done unto thee. It is folly to grieve at the success of other people. |
3. Chacun, chacune.
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Chacun pour soi et Dieu pour tous, Les langues ont chacune leurs bizarreries, |
Everybody for himself, and God for us all. Each language has its oddities. |
4. On conveys the idea of plurality, and is always the adjunct of a verb in the third person. See the auxiliary verb avoir, § 31.
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On dit, it is said. |
On danse, somebody dances. |
5. Personne, used indefinitely, is always masculine and in the singular. As a subject to a verb it is followed by ne.
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Personne ne me l'a dit, |
No one has told it to me. |
N. B.--As a noun it is always feminine, even when applied to a man.
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Je n'ai vu qu'une seule personne, |
I have seen but one person. |
6. Quelqu'un, used in a general sense, is invariable.
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Y a-t-il quelqu'un qui oserait nier ce fait? |
Is there anybody who dares deny this fact? |
Used relatively it varies.
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Connaissez-vous quelqu'une de ces dames, quelques uns de ces messieurs? |
Do you know any one of these ladies, some of these gentlemen? |
7. Quiconque, in a general sense, is masculine. When referring to a woman it is feminine.
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Quiconque est né envieux et méchant est naturellement triste, Quiconque sera assez forte pour encourager son époux et ses fils à combattre pour la patrie sera honorée, |
Whoever is born envious and bad is of course miserable. Whoever will be strong to encourage her husband and her sons to fight for the common country will be honored. |
8. L'un l'autre, l'une l'autre, les uns les autres, les unes les autres, one another, each other.
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Le frère et la soeur s'aiment l'un l'autre, Frères et soeurs devraient s'aimer les uns les autres. |
The brother and the sister love each other. Brothers and sisters should love one another. |
9. L'un et l'autre, les uns et les autres, both.
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Je les connaissais l'un et l'autre, Je les tiens pour battus les uns et les autres, |
I knew them both. I consider them both beaten. |
10. Tel, telle, such, many a one.
11. Tout, when used absolutely, is invariable.
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Tout est perdu sauf l'honneur, Tout est fini, |
All but honor is lost. Everything is finished. |
§ 31. Verbs.
There are five kinds of verbs--active, passive, neuter, reflective, and impersonal. In the composition of these largely enter the auxiliaries, avoir, to have, and être, to be.
§ 32. Auxiliary Verbs.
Avoir, to have (affirmatively).
INDICATIVE MOOD.
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Simple Tenses. Present. J'ai, I have. tu as, thou hast. il a, he has. on a, one has, people have. nous avons, we have. vous avez, you have. ils ont, they have. Imperfect. J'avais, I had, was having. tu avais, thou hadst. il avait, he had. on avait, one had. nous avions, we had. vous aviez, you had. ils avaient, they had. |
Compound Tenses. Past Indefinite. J'ai eu, I have had. tu as eu, thou hast had. il a eu, he has had. on a eu, one has had. nous avons eu, we have had. vous avez eu, you have had. ils ont eu, they have had. Pluperfect. J'avais eu, I had had. tu avais eu, thou hadst had. il avait eu, he had had. on avait eu, one had had. nous avions eu, we had had. vous aviez eu, you had had. ils avaient eu, they had had. |
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Past Definite. J'eus, I had or did have. tu eus, thou hadst. il eut, he had. on eut, one had. nous eûmes, we had. vous eûtes, you had. ils eurent, they had. First Future. J'aurai, I shall or will have. tu auras, thou wilt have. il aura, he will have. on aura, one will have. nous aurons, we shall have. vous aurez, you will have. ils auront, they will have. |
Past Anterior. J'eus eu, I had had. tu eus eu, thou hadst had. il eut eu, he had had. on eut eu, one had had. nous eûmes eu, we had had. vous eûtes eu, you had had. ils eurent eu, they had had. Second Future. J'aurai eu, I shall or will have had. tu auras eu, thou shalt have had. il aura eu, he will have had. on aura eu, one will have had. nous aurons eu, we will have had. vous aurez eu, you will have had. ils auront eu, they will have had. |
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
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Present. J'aurais, I should have. tu aurais, thou wouldst have. il aurait, he would have. on aurait, one would have. nous aurions, we should have. vous auriez, you would have. ils auraient, they would have. |
Past. J'aurais eu, I should have had. tu aurais eu, thou wouldst have had. il aurait eu, he would have had. on aurait eu, one would have had. nous aurions eu, we should have had. vous auriez eu, you should have had. ils auraient eu, they should have had. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
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aie, have. qu'il ait, let him have. qu'on ait, let some one have. ayons, let us have. ayez, have ye or you. qu'ils aient, let them have. |
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
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Present. On s'étonne, they are astonished: que j'aie, that I may have. que tu aies, that thou mayst have. qu'il ait, that he may have. qu'on ait, that one may have. que nous ayons, that we may have. que vous ayez, that you may have. qu'ils aient, that they may have. Imperfect. On a défendu, they have forbidden: que j'eusse, that I might have. que tu eusses, that thou mightst have. qu'il eût, that he might have. qu'on eût, that one might have. que nous eussions, that we might have. que vous eussiez, that you might have. qu'ils eussent, that they might have. |
Past. On est ravi, they are delighted: que j'aie eu, that I may have had. que tu aies eu, that thou mayst have had. qu'il ait eu, that he may have had. qu'on ait eu, that one may have had. que nous ayons eu, that we may have had. que vous ayez eu, that you may have had. qu'ils aient eu, that they may have had. Pluperfect. On aurait préféré, they would have preferred: que j'eusse eu, that I might have had. que tu eusses eu, that thou mightst have had. qu'il eût eu, that he might have had. qu'on eût eu, that one might have had. que nous eussions eu, that we might have had. que vous eussiez eu, that you might have had. qu'ils eussent eu, that they might have had. |
INFINITIVE MOOD.
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Present. avoir, to have. |
Past. avoir eu, to have had. |
Participle.
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Present. ayant, having. |
Compound. ayant eu, having had. |
Past. eu, had. |
§ 33. Models. Avoir with Adjuncts.
Avoir in combination with particles. These particles retain their respective places, just as given in the models, throughout its conjugation. (The student should write these models out.)
Assertives.
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1. Je l'ai, I have it. 2. J'en ai, I have some. 3. J'y ai, I have there. 4. Je n'ai pas, I have not. 5. Je ne l'ai pas, I have it not. 6. Je n'en ai pas, I have not any. 7. Je n'y ai pas, I have not there. |
Je l'ai eu, I have had it. J'en ai en, I had had some. J'y ai eu, I have had there. Je n'ai pas eu, I have not had. Je ne l'ai pas eu, I have not had it. Je n'en ai pas eu, I have not had any. Je n'y ai pas eu, I have not had there. |
Interrogatives.
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8. Ai-je? Have I? 9. L'ai-je? Have I it? 10. En ai-je? Have I some? 11. Y ai-je? Have I there? 12. N'ai-je pas? Have I not? 13. Ne l'ai-je pas? Have I not it? 14. N'en ai-je pas? Have I not some? 15. N'y ai-je pas? Have I not there? |
Ai-je eu? Have I had? L'ai-je eu? Have I had it? En ai-je eu? Have I had some? Y ai-je eu? Have I had there? N'ai-je pas eu? Have I not had? Ne l'ai-je pas eu? Have I not had it? N'en ai-je pas eu? Have I not had some? N'y ai-je pas eu? Have I not had there? |
N. B.--By placing est-ce que before the seven assertives, interrogatives are obtained, as: Est-ce que je l'ai? Have I it? etc. Whenever in the interrogative form a-il, a-on, aura-il occur, a t is inserted to help over the vowels, as: a-t-il, a-t-on, aura-t-il.
§ 34. Être, to be.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
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Simple Tenses. Present. Je suis, I am. tu es, thou art. il est, he is. on est, one is. nous sommes, we are. vous êtes, you are. ils sont, they are. |
Compound Tenses. Past Indefinite. J'ai été, I have been. tu as été, thou hast been. il a été, he has been. on a été, one has been. nous avons été, we have been. vous avez été, you have been. ils ont été, they have been. |
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
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Present. Je serais, I should be. tu serais, thou shouldst be. il serait, he should be. on serait, one should be. nous serions, we would be. vous seriez, you should be. ils seraient, they should be. |
Past. J'aurais été, I should have been. tu aurais été, thou wouldst have been. il aurait été, he should have been. on aurait été, one should have been. nous aurions été, we would have been. vous auriez été, you should have been. ils auraient été, they should have been. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
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sois, be thou. qu'il soit, let him be. qu'on soit, let some one be. soyons, let us be. soyez, be ye or you. qu'ils soient, let them be. |
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
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Present. On suppose, it is supposed: que je sois, that I may be. que tu sois, that thou mayst be. qu'il soit, that he may be. qu'on soit, that one may be. que nous soyons, that we may be. que vous soyez, that you may be. qu'ils soient, that they may be. Imperfect. On voulait, they wanted: que je fusse, that I might be. que tu fusses, that thou mightst be. qu'il fût, that he might be. qu'on fût, that one might be. que nous fussions, that we might be. que vous fussiez, that you might be. qu'ils fussent, that they might be. |
Past. On doutera, it will be doubted: que j'aie été, that I may have been. que tu aies été, that thou mayst have been. qu'il ait été, that he may have been. qu'on ait été, that one may have been. que nous ayons été, that we may have been. que vous ayez été, that you may have been. qu'ils aient été, that they may have been. Pluperfect. On avait pensé, it was thought: que j'eusse été, that I might have been. que tu eusses été, that thou mightst have been. qu'il eût été, that he might have been. qu'on eût été, that one might have been. que nous eussions été, that we might have been. que vous eussiez été, that you might have been. qu'ils eussent été, that they might have been. |
INFINITIVE MOOD.
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Present. être, to be. |
Past. avoir été, to have been. |
Participle.
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Present. étant, being. |
Compound. ayant été, having been. |
Past. été, been. |
§ 35. Models. Être With Adjuncts.
As with avoir, the particles combined with être retain their respective places, as given in the models, throughout its conjugation. (The student should write these models out.)
Assertives.
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1. Je le suis, I am it. 2. J'en suis, I am of, with it. 3. J'y suis, I am there, in. 4. Je ne suis pas, I am not. 5. Je ne le suis pas, I am not it. 6. Je n'en suis pas, I am not of, with it. 7. Je n'y suis pas, I am not there. |
Je l'ai été, I have been it. J'en ai été, I have been of, with it. J'y ai été, I have been there, in. Je n'ai pas été, I have not been. Je ne l'ai pas été, I have not been it. Je n'en ai pas été, I have not been of, with it. Je n'y ai pas été, I have not been there. |
Interrogatives.
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8. Suis-je? Am I? 9. Le suis-je? Am I it? 10. En suis-je? Am I with, of it? 11. Y suis-je? Am I there? 12. Ne suis-je pas? Am I not? 13. Ne le suis-je pas? Am I not it? 14. N'en suis-je pas? Am I not with it? 15. N'y suis-je pas? Am I not there? |
Ai-je été? Have I been? L'ai-je été? Have I been it? En ai-je été? Have I been of it? Y ai je été? Have I been there? N'ai-je pas été? Have I not been? Ne l'ai-je pas été? Have I not been it? N'en ai-je pas été? Have I not been of it? N'y ai-je pas été? Have I not been there? |
N. B.--By placing est-ce que before the seven assertives, interrogatives are obtained, as: Est-ce que je le suis? Am I it? etc.
§ 36. Regular Verbs.
First Conjugation, ending in er.
Model Verb.
parler, to speak.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
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Simple Tenses. Present. Je parle, I speak. tu parles, thou speakest. il parle, he speaks. on parle, one speaks. nous parlons, we speak. vous parlez, you speak. ils parlent, they speak. Imperfect. Je parlais, I was speaking. tu parlais, thou wast speaking. il parlait, he was speaking. on parlait, one was speaking. nous parlions, we were speaking. vous parliez, you were speaking. ils parlaient, they were speaking. |
Compound Tenses. Past Indefinite. J'ai parlé, I have spoken. tu as parlé, thou hast spoken. il a parlé, he has spoken. on a parlé, one has spoken. nous avons parlé, we have spoken. vous avez parlé, you have spoken. ils ont parlé, they have spoken. Pluperfect. J'avais parlé, I had been speaking. tu avais parlé, thou hadst been speaking. il avait parlé, he had been speaking. on avait parlé, one had been speaking. nous avions parlé, we had been speaking. vous aviez parlé, you had been speaking. ils avaient parlé, they had been speaking. |
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Past Definite. Je parlai, I spoke or did speak. tu parlas, thou spokest. il parla, he spoke. on parla, one spoke. nous parlâmes, we spoke. vous parlâtes, you spoke. ils parlèrent, they spoke. First Future. Je parlerai, I shall or will speak. tu parleras, thou wilt speak. il parlera, he will speak. on parlera, one will speak. nous parlerons, we shall speak. vous parlerez, you will speak. ils parleront, they will speak. |
Past Anterior. J'eus parlé, I had spoken. tu eus parlé, thou hadst spoken. il eut parlé, he had spoken. on eut parlé, one has spoken. nous eûmes parlé, we had spoken. vous eûtes parlé, you had spoken. ils eurent parlé, they had spoken. Second Future. J'aurai parlé, I shall have spoken. tu auras parlé, thou wilt have spoken. il aura parlé, he will have spoken. on aura parlé, one will have spoken. nous aurons parlé, we shall have spoken. vous aurez parlé, you will have spoken. ils auront parlé, they will have spoken. |
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
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Present. Je parlerais, I should, would speak. tu parlerais, thou shouldst speak. il parlerait, he should speak. on parlerait, one should speak. nous parlerions, we should speak. vous parleriez, you would speak. ils parleraient, they would speak. |
Past. J'aurais parlé, I should have spoken. tu aurais parlé, thou wouldst have spoken. il aurait parlé, he would have spoken. on aurait parlé, one would have spoken. nous aurions parlé, we should have spoken. vous auriez parlé, you would have spoken. ils auraient parlé, they would have spoken. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
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parle, speak (thou). qu'il parle, let him speak. parlons, let us speak. parlez, speak ye or you. qu'ils parlent, let them speak. |
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
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Present. parler, to speak. |
Past. avoir parlé, to have spoken. |
Participle.
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Present. parlant, speaking. |
Compound. ayant parlé, having spoken. |
Past. parlé, spoken. |
§ 37. Models for Practice.
Observe that the additions to the verb retain their respective places, just as given in the models, through all the tenses. From this, however, as will be shown below, the Imperative must be excepted.
Assertives.
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1. Je ne parle pas, I speak not. 2. Je le parle, I speak it (French). 3. Je ne le parle pas, I speak it not. 4. Je lui parle, I speak to him (her). 5. Je ne lui parle pas, I speak not to him (her). 6. Je leur parle, I speak to them. 7. Je ne leur parle pas, I speak not to them. 8. J'en parle, I speak of it. 9. Je n'en parle pas. I speak not of it. 10. Je lui en parle, I speak to him (her) of it. 11. Je ne lui en parle pas, I speak not to him (her) about it. |
Je n'ai pas parlé, I have not spoken. Je l'ai parlé, I have spoken it. Je ne l'ai pas parlé, I have not spoken it. Je lui ai parlé, I have spoken to him (her). Je ne lui ai pas parlé, I have not spoken to him (her). Je leur ai parlé, I have spoken to them. Je ne leur ai pas parlé, I have not spoken to them. J'en ai parlé, I have spoken of it. Je n'en ai pas parlé, I have not spoken of it. Je lui en ai parlé, I have spoken to him (her) of it. Je ne lui en ai pas parlé, I have not spoken to him (her) about it. |
N. B.--By placing est-ce que before the above models, interrogatives are obtained, as: Est-ce que je ne parle pas? Do I not speak?
Interrogatives.
Imperatives.
24. Affirmatively:
{ le { lui! } { him (it) } { him!
{ la { moi! } { her (it) } to { me!
{ les { nous! } { them } { us!
Donne- { { leur! } give (thou) { { them!
Donnez- { m' } } give (ye) { me }
{ lui } } { him } some of it!
{ nous } en! } { us }
{ leur } } { them }
25. Negatively:
{ le { lui } { him (it) } { him!
{ la { nous } { her (it) } not to { us!
{ les { leur } { them } { them!
{ } {
Ne { me { le } { him (it) } { me!
{ nous { la } donne pas! Give (thou) { her (it) } not to { us!
{ { les } donnez pas! Give (ye) { them }
{ } {
{ m' } } { me }
{ lui } } { him }
{ nous } en } { us } not any!
{ leur } } { them }
§ 38. On the Orthography of a Great Many Verbs of the First Conjugation.
1. Verbs ending in ger, whenever through the tenses the g comes in contact with a or o, insert an e between them, as:
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Nous changeons, we change. |
Je changeais, I changed. |
2. Verbs ending in yer change the y to i before e, es, ent, as: ennuyer.
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Je m'ennuie, I am weary. |
Je m'ennuierai, I shall be weary |
3. Verbs ending in cer, whenever through the tenses the c comes in contact with a or o, it takes a cedilla (ç), as: avancer, etc.
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J'avançais, I advanced. |
Nous commençons, we begin. |
4. Verbs in eter and eler double the t or l when it comes before e, es, ent, and the erai, erais of the future and conditional, as:
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J'appelle, I call. |
Je jetterai, I shall throw. |
5. The following verbs, although ending in eter and eler, deviate from the foregoing, and make, by means of the grave accent, the following changes, as: acheter, etc.
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J'achète, I buy. Je pèle, I peel. |
Il gèlera, it will freeze. Je harcèle, I tease. |
Of the same order are the following ending in:
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ecer, écer, ébrer, écher, éder, |
emer, égler, égner, égrer, éguer, |
ener, éler, émer, éner, équer, |
ever, érer, éter, étrer. |
Be it understood that those with an é change this also into è.
N. B.--For the better understanding of these and others, the student is referred to the models given in the Alphabetical Table, § 49.
§ 39. Second Conjugation, ending in ir.
Model Verb.
finir, to finish.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
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Present. Je finirais, I should, would finish. tu finirais, thou wouldst finish. il finirait, he would finish. on finirait, one would finish. nous finirions, we should finish. vous finiriez, you would finish. ils finiraient, they would finish. |
Past. J'aurais fini, I should have finished. tu aurais fini, thou wouldst have finished. il aurait fini, he would have finished. on aurait fini, one would have finished. nous aurions fini, we should have finished. vous auriez fini, you would have finished. ils auraient fini, they would have finished. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
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finis, finish (thou). qu'il finisse, let him finish. qu'on finisse, let one finish. finissons, let us finish. finissez, finish (ye or you). qu'ils finissent, let them finish. |
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
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Present. Il veut, he wished: que je finisse, that I may finish. que tu finisses, that thou mayst finish. qu'il finisse, that he may finish. qu'on finisse, that one may finish. que nous finissions, that we may finish. que vous finissiez, that you may finish. qu'ils finissent, that they may finish. Imperfect. Il a desiré, he has desired: que je finisse, that I might finish. que tu finisses, that thou mightst finish. qu'il finît, that he might finish. qu'on finît, that one might finish. que nous finissions, that we might finish. que vous finissiez, that you might finish. qu'ils finissent, that they might finish. |
Past. Il doute, he doubts: que j'aie fini, that I may have finished. que tu aies fini, that thou mayst have finished. qu'il ait fini, that he may have finished. qu'on ait fini, that one may have finished. que nous ayons fini, that we may have finished. que vous ayez fini, that you may have finished. qu'ils aient fini, that they may have finished. Pluperfect. Il doutait, he doubted: que j'eusse fini, that I might have finished. que tu eusses fini, that thou mightst have finished. qu'il eût fini, that he might have finished. qu'on eût fini, that one might have finished. que nous eussions fini, that we might have finished. que vous eussiez fini, that you might have finished. qu'ils eussent fini, that they might have finished. |
INFINITIVE MOOD.
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Present. finir, to finish. |
Past. avoir fini,to have finished. |
Participle.
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Present. finissant, finishing. |
Compound. ayant fini, having finished. |
Past. fini, finished. |
§ 40. Models for Practice.
Assertives.
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1. Je ne finis jamais, I never finish. 2. Je ne le finis jamais, I never finish it. 3. Je n'en finis jamais, I never finish with it. |
Je n'ai jamais fini, I have never finished. Je ne l'ai jamais fini, I have never finished it. Je n'en ai jamais fini, I have never finished with it. |
N. B.--Remember, by placing est-ce que before the models 1, 2, 3, interrogatives are formed.
Interrogatives
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4. Ne finis-je jamais? Do I never finish? 5. Ne le finis-je jamais? Do I never finish it? 6. N'en finis-je jamais? Do I never finish with it? |
N'ai-je jamais fini? Have I never finished? Ne l'ai-je jamais fini? Have I never finished it? N'en ai-je jamais fini? Have I never finished with it? |
§ 41. Third Conjugation, ending in oir.
Model Verb.
recevoir, to receive.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
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Simple Tenses. Present. Je reçois, C I receive. tu reçois, thou receivest. il reçoit, he receives. on reçoit, one receives. nous recevons, we receive. vous recevez, you receive. ils reçoivent, they receive. Imperfect. Je recevais, I was receiving. tu recevais, thou wast receiving. il recevait, he was receiving. on recevait, one was receiving. nous recevions, we were receiving. vous receviez, you were receiving. ils recevaient, they were receiving. Past Definite. Je reçus, I received, did receive. tu reçus, thou didst receive. il reçut, he did receive. on reçut, one did receive. nous reçûmes, we did receive. vous reçûtes, you did receive. ils reçurent, they did receive. |
Compound Tenses. Past Indefinite. J'ai reçu, I have received. tu as reçu, thou hast received. il a reçu, he has received. on a reçu, one has received. nous avons reçu, we have received. vous avez reçu, you have received. ils ont reçu, they have received. Pluperfect. J'avais reçu, I had received. tu avais reçu, thou hadst received. il avait reçu, he had received. on avait reçu, one had received. nous avions reçu, we had received. vous aviez reçu, you had received. ils avaient reçu, they had received. Past Anterior. J'eus reçu. I had received. tu eus reçu, thou hadst received. il eut reçu, he had received. on eut reçu, one had received. nous eûmes reçu, we had received. vous eûtes reçu, you had received. ils eurent reçu, they had received. |
Footnote C: (return) When in these verbs of the third conjugation the c comes in contact with o and u, it takes the cedilla (ç).
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First Future. Je recevrai, I shall receive. tu recevras, thou wilt receive. il recevra, he will receive. on recevra, one will receive. nous recevrons, we shall receive. vous recevrez, you will receive. ils recevront, they will receive. |
Second Future. J'aurai reçu, I shall have received. tu auras reçu, thou wilt have received. il aura reçu, he will have received. on aura reçu, one will have received. nous aurons reçu, we shall have received. vous aurez reçu, you will have received. ils auront reçu, they will have received. |
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
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Present. Je recevrais, I should receive. tu recevrais, thou wouldst receive. il recevrait, he would receive. on recevrait, one would receive. nous recevrions, we should receive. vous recevriez, you would receive. ils recevraient, they would receive. |
Past. J'aurais reçu, I should have received. tu aurais reçu, thou wouldst have received. il aurait reçu, he would have received. on aurait reçu, one would have received. nous aurions reçu, we should have received. vous auriez reçu, you would have received. ils auraient reçu, they would have received. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
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reçois, receive (thou). qu'il reçoive, let him receive. qu'on reçoive, let one receive. recevons, let us receive. recevez, receive (ye or you). qu'ils reçoivent, let them receive. |
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
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Present. recevoir, to receive. |
Past. avoir reçu, to have received. |
Participle.
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Present. recevant, receiving. |
Compound. ayant reçu, having received. |
Past. reçu, received. |
N. B.--To this conjugation belong only six others, as:
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apercevoir, to perceive. concevoir, to conceive. décevoir, to deceive. |
devoir, to owe. percevoir, to collect duties. redevoir, to owe again. |
§ 42. Models for Practice.
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Assertives. 1. Je ne reçois rien, I receive nothing. 2. Je ne le reçois plus, I receive him no more. 3. Je n'en reçois guère, I receive but little of it. 4. Je ne la reçois pas, I do not receive her. 5. Je ne les reçois jamais, I never receive them. |
Interrogatives. 6. Ne reçois-tu rien? Receivest thou nothing? 7. Ne le reçois-tu plus? Dost thou receive him no more? 8. N'en reçois-tu guère? Receivest thou but little of it? 9. Ne la reçois-tu pas? Dost thou not receive her? 10. Ne les reçois-tu jamais? Dost thou never receive them? |
N. B.--Reçois-je is avoided, as being inelegant. In place of such forms est-ce que is used, as: Est-ce que je ne reçois rien? Do I receive nothing?
§ 43. Fourth Conjugation, ending in re.
Model Verb.
vendre, to sell.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
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Present. Je vendrais, I should sell. tu vendrais, thou wouldst sell. il vendrait, he would sell. on vendrait, one would sell. nous vendrions, we should sell. vous vendriez, you would sell. ils vendraient, they would sell. |
Past. J'aurais vendu, I should have sold. tu aurais vendu, thou wouldst have sold. il aurait vendu, he would have sold. on aurait vendu, one would have sold. nous aurions vendu, we should have sold. vous auriez vendu, you would have sold. ils auraient vendu, they would have sold. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
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vends, sell (thou). qu'il vende, let him sell. qu'on vende, let one sell. vendons, let us sell. vendez, sell (ye or you). qu'ils vendent, let them sell. |
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
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Present. vendre, to sell. |
Past. avoir vendu, to have sold. |
Participle.
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Present. vendant, selling. |
Compound. ayant vendu, having sold. |
Past. vendu, sold. |
§ 44. Models for Practice.
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Assertives. 1. Je lui vends beaucoup, I sell him much. 2. Je ne lui vends guère, I sell him but little. 3. Je n'en vends pas grand'chose, I sell not much of it. 4. Je ne lui en vends pas grand'chose, I sell him not much of it. |
Interrogatives. 5. Lui vends-tu beaucoup? Do you sell him much? 6. Ne lui vends-tu guère? Do you sell him but little? 7. N'en vends-tu pas grand'chose? Do you not sell much of it? 8. Ne lui en vends-tu pas grand'chose? Do you not sell him much of it? |
§ 45. Conjugation of a Passive Verb.
Model Verb.
être aimé, to be loved.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
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Je suis aimé, m.; aimée, f., I am loved. tu es aimé, thou art loved. il est aimé, he is loved. on est aimé, one is loved. nous sommes aimés or aimées, we are loved. vous êtes aimés or aimées, you are loved. ils sont aimés or elles sont aimées, they are loved. |
Imperfect.
J'étais aimé, m.; aimée, f., I was loved, was being loved.
Past Definite.
Je fus aimé, m.; aimée, f., I was loved.
Past Indefinite.
J'ai été aimé, m., or aimée, f., I have been loved.
Past Anterior.
J'eus été aimé, m.; aimée, f., I had been loved.
Pluperfect.
J'avais été aimé, m.; aimée, f., I had been loved.
First Future.
Je serai aimé, m.; aimée, f., I shall or will be loved.
Second Future.
J'aurai été aimé, m.; aimée, f., I shall, will have been loved.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
Present.
Je serais aimé, m.; aimée, f., I should, would, could, might be loved.
Past.
J'aurais été aimé, m.; aimée, f., I should, would have been loved.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
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sois aimé, m.; aimée, f., be (thou) loved. qu'il soit aimé, let him be loved. qu'elle soit aimée, let her be loved. qu'on soit aimé, let one be loved. soyons aimés or aimées, let us be loved. soyez aimés or aimées, be (ye or you) loved. qu'ils soient aimés, let them be loved. qu'elles soient aimées, let them be loved. |
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present.
que je sois aimé, m.; aimée, f., that I may be loved.
Imperfect.
que je fusse aimé, m.; aimée, f., that I might be loved.
Past.
que j'aie été aimé, m.; aimée, f., that I may have been loved.
Pluperfect.
que j'eusse été aimé, m.; aimée, f., that I might have been loved.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
être aimé, m.; aimée, f., to be loved.
Past.
avoir été aimé, m.; aimée, f., to have been loved.
Participle.
Present.
étant aimé, m.; aimée, f., being loved.
Compound.
ayant été aimé, m.; aimée, f., having been loved.
Past.
aimé, m.; aimée, f., loved.
N. B.--In the same manner: Je ne suis pas aimé; suis-je aimé? Ne suis-je pas aimé?
§ 46. The Reflective Verb.
Model Verb.
se tromper, to deceive one's self.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
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Je me trompe, I deceive myself. tu te trompes, thou deceivest thyself. il se trompe, he deceives himself. on se trompe, one deceives one's self. nous nous trompons, we deceive ourselves. vous vous trompez, you deceive yourselves. ils se trompent, they deceive themselves. |
Imperfect.
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Je me trompais, I was deceiving myself. tu te trompais, thou wast deceiving thyself. il se trompait, he was deceiving himself. on se trompait, one was deceiving himself. nous nous trompions, we were deceiving ourselves. vous vous trompiez, you were deceiving yourselves. ils se trompaient, they were deceiving themselves. |
Past Definite.
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Je me trompai, I did deceive myself. tu te trompas, thou didst deceive thyself. il se trompa, he did deceive himself. on se trompa, one did deceive himself. nous nous trompâmes, we did deceive ourselves. vous vous trompâtes, you did deceive yourselves. ils se trompèrent, they did deceive themselves. |
Past Indefinite.
Je me suis trompé, m.; trompée, f., I have deceived myself.
Past Anterior.
Je me fus trompé, m.; trompée, f., I had deceived myself.
Pluperfect.
Je m'étais trompé, m.; trompée, f., I had deceived myself.
First Future.
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Je me tromperai, I shall or will deceive myself. tu te tromperas, thou shalt or wilt deceive thyself. il se trompera, he shall or will deceive himself. on se trompera, one shall or will deceive himself. nous nous tromperons, we will deceive ourselves. vous vous tromperez, you will deceive yourselves. ils se tromperont, they will deceive themselves. |
Second Future.
Je me serai trompé, m.; trompée, f., I shall have deceived myself.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
Present.
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Je me tromperais, I should, would deceive myself. tu te tromperais, thou shouldst deceive thyself. il se tromperait, he would deceive himself. on se tromperait, one would deceive himself. nous nous tromperions, we should deceive ourselves. vous vous tromperiez, you would deceive yourselves. ils se tromperaient, they would deceive themselves. |
Past.
Je me serais trompé, m.; trompée, f., I should, would have deceived myself.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
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trompe-toi, deceive thyself. qu'il se trompe, let him deceive himself. qu'on se trompe, let one deceive one's self. trompons-nous, let us deceive ourselves. trompez-vous, deceive yourselves. qu'ils se trompent, let them deceive themselves. |
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present.
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que je me trompe, that I may deceive myself. que tu te trompes, that thou mayst deceive thyself. qu'il se trompe, that he may deceive himself. qu'on se trompe, that one may deceive himself. que nous nous trompions, that we may deceive ourselves. que vous vous trompiez, that you may deceive yourselves. qu'ils se trompent, that they may deceive themselves. |
Imperfect.
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que je me trompasse, that I might deceive myself. que tu te trompasses, that thou mightst deceive thyself. qu'il se trompât, that he might deceive himself. qu'on se trompât, that one might deceive himself. que nous nous trompassions, that we might deceive ourselves. que vous vous trompassiez, that you might deceive yourselves. qu'ils se trompassent, that they might deceive themselves. |
Past.
que je me sois trompé, m.; trompée, f., that I may have deceived myself.
Pluperfect.
que je me fusse trompé, m.; trompée, f., that I might have deceived myself.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
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Present. se tromper, to deceive one's self. |
Past. s'être trompé, to have deceived one's self. |
Participle.
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Present. se trompant, deceiving one's self. |
Compound. s'étant trompé, having deceived one's self. |
Past. trompé, m.; trompée, f., deceived. |
N. B.--In the same manner: Je ne me trompe pas; me trompé-je? Ne me trompé-je pas?
§ 47. The Unipersonal Verb y avoir.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
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Present. il y a, there is; there are. Imperfect. il y avait, there was; there were. Past Definite, il y eut, there was; there were. First Future. il y aura, there will be. |
Past Indefinite. il y a eu, there has been; there have been. Pluperfect. il y avait eu, there had been. Past Anterior. il y eut eu, there had been. Second Future. il y aura eu, there will have been. |
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
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Present. il y aurait, there would be. |
Past. il y aurait eu, there would have been. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
qu'il y ait, let there be.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
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Present. qu'il y ait, that there may be. Imperfect. qu'il y eût, that there might be. |
Past. qu'il y ait eu, that there may have been. Pluperfect. qu'il y eût eu, that there might have been. |
INFINITIVE MOOD.
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Present. y avoir, to be there. |
Past. y avoir eu, to have been there. |
Participle.
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Present. y ayant, there being. |
Compound. y ayant eu, there having been. |
N. B.--In the same manner: il n'y a pas; il y en a; il n'y en a pas.
Interrogative.
Indicative Mood.
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Present. Y a-t-il? Is there? Are there? Imperfect. Y avait-il? Was there? Were there? Past Definite. Y eut-il? Was there? Were there? First Future. Y aura-t-il? Will there be? |
Past Indefinite. Ya-t-il eu? Has (have) there been? Pluperfect. Y avait-il eu? Had there been? Past Anterior. Y eut-il eu? Had there been? Second Future. Y aura-t-il eu? Will there have been? |
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
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Present. Y aurait-il? Would there be? |
Past. Y aurait-il eu? Would there have been? |
N. B.--In the same manner: Y en a-t-il? Are there some? N'y en a-t-il pas? Are there not any?
Qu'est-ce que changes the affirmative to the interrogative, as:
|
Qu'est-ce qu'il y a? What is there? What is the matter? Qu'est-ce qu'il y avait? What was there? Qu'est-ce qu'il y eut? What was there? Qu'est-ce qu'il y aura? What will there be? Qu'est-ce qu'il y aurait? What would there be? |
§ 48. Formation of Tenses.
There are four primitive tenses from which the other tenses are formed; these are:
I. The Present of the Indicative, from which are derived: 1. The Imperfect Indicative, by changing ons of the first person plural into ais, as: parlons=parlais; finissons=finissais, etc. 2. The Imperative, by suppressing the three personal pronouns of je parle, nous parlons, and vous parlez, as: parle, parlons, parlez. The other two persons are merely parts of the Subjunctive Present used imperatively. 3. The Subjunctive Present, by taking off nt of the third person plural and adding que je, as: parlent=que je parle. 4. The Present Participle, by changing ons of the first person plural into ant, as: parlons=parlant; finissons=finissant.
II. From the Past Definite is formed the Subjunctive Imperfect, by adding se to the second person singular, as: parlas=parlasse; finis=finisse; reçus=reçusse; vendis=vendisse.
III. From the Infinitive are formed the First Future and the Conditional Present, by adding in the First and Second Conjugation ai and ais, and to the Third and Fourth by changing the endings air and re into rai and rais, as: parler=parlerai, parlerais; finir=finirai, finirais; recevoir=recevrai, recevrais; vendre=vendrai, vendrais.
IV. With the aid of the auxiliaries avoir and être, the Past Participle forms all other tenses, as: j'ai parlé; j'avais fini; j'eus reçu; j'aurai vendu; je suis aimé, etc.