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snail.

escarmouche

skirmish.

esclave

m., f.

slave.

escogriffe

sharper, gawky or lanky fellow.

escorte

escort, convoy.

espace

space.

espacer

to space;

s'--

, to grow farther apart.

Espagne

Spain;

pièce d'--

, Spanish coin.

espagnol, -e

adj. and s.

Spanish, Spaniard (written

Espagnol

when

espèce

species, sort, kind, cash (in

pl.

espérance

hope, expectation.

espérer

to hope.

espiêgle

adj.

frolicsome, roguish, mischievous.

espion

spy.

esplanade

esplanade.

espoir

hope.

esprit

mind, wit, sense, brains, spirit;

-- fort

, skeptic.

essaim

swarm.

essayer

to try.

essence

essence, perfume, scent.

essentiel, -le

adj.

essential (

pronounced as

essoufflement

breathlessness.

essoufiler

to put out of breath;

essoufflé, -e

, out of breath, breathless.

essuyer

to wipe, wipe away.

estafette

courier, messenger.

estimer

to esteem, estimate.

estomac

stomach (pronounced:

estoma

estrade

platform, dais.

estropié, -e

adj. and s.

crippled, maimed, cripple.

conj.

and.

étable

stable, cattle-shed;

-- à cochons

, pig-sty.

établir

to establish, set up, set, settle, fix, fasten, make;

s'--

, be established, take a

position, settle down, etc.

établissement

establishment, moving in.

étage

flight of stairs, story, floor (above the groundfloor);

premier --

, second story.

étain

tin, pewter.

étalage

goods exposed for sale, display, show-window.

étaler

to set out, spread out, display, expose goods (for sale);

s'--

, spread out, be exposed

or displayed.

état

state, condition.

état-major

staff.

etc.

, pronounced in French:

ett cétéra

été

summer.

éteindre

to extinguish, put out;

s'--, die out

, go out;

éteint, -e

, extinguished, extinct, dead.

étendre

to extend, stretch, stretch out;

s'--

, extend, stretch oneself out.

étendue

stretch, extent.

éternel, -le

adj.

eternal, everlasting.

éternuer

to sneeze.

étinceler

to sparkle, glitter;

étincelant, -e

, sparkling, glittering, brilliant.

étincelle

spark, flash, glitter.

étirer

to stretch.

étoffe

stuff, fabric.

étoile

star;

coucher à la belle --

, to sleep in the open air.

étoiler

to star, stud, dot, shine like a star, sparkle.

étonnement

astonishment.

étonner

to astonish, amaze;

s'--

, be astonished.

étouffer

to stifle, muffle, smother, choke.

étourdi, -e

adj. and s.

giddy, heedless, rattlebrained, rattlebrain, madcap, giddy-headed

fellow.

étrange

adj.

strange.

étrangement

adv.

strangely.

étranger, -ère

adj. and s.

strange, foreign, stranger, foreigner.

étrangler

to strangle, choke.

être

to be, go (in past tense);

-- à

, belong to, be the right of, be the turn of, be busy (about);

en - à

, reach the point of, come to;

en - là

, to be reduced to such a point, be in such

a condition;

-- bien avec

, be on good terms with;

nous y sommes

, here we are;

il est

, there

is or are (rarer than

il y a

);

n'est-ce pas?

, isn't it?, don't you think so?, etc.;

il n'était plus au
jeu

, he no longer had his mind on the game;

elle en fut dans l'admiration

, she went into

ecstacy over it;

being.

étreindre

to squeeze, hug, clasp, grip.

étroit, -e

adj.

narrow.

étude

study.

étudier

to study.

eunuque

eunuch.

Eure

French river and department (in Normandy).

Europe

Europe.

eux

disj. pr.

they, them, themselves;

causer entre --

, to chat with one another.

eux-mêmes

pr.

themselves, etc.;

d'--

, by themselves, without interference.

évaluer

to value, estimate.

Évangéliste

Evangelist.

Évangile

Gospel.

évanouir (s')

to faint, vanish.

évaporer

to evaporate.

éveil

awakening;

en --

, on the alert or watch.

éveiller

to awaken, arouse;

s'--

, awake;

éveillé, -e

, awakened, wide-awake.

événement

event.

éventail

fan.

éventé, -e

adj.

flat, giddy.

éventrer

to rip open, disembowel.

évêque

bishop.

évertuer (s')

to strive, do one's utmost.

évidemment

adv.

evidently (

pronounced as

évident, -e

adj.

evident.

évider

to hollow out;

dentelles d'une sculpture évidée

, open-work stone carving.

éviter

to avoid.

Évreux

, town 68 miles northwest of Paris (department of Eure).

exactement

adv.

exactly.

exagérer

to exaggerate.

exaltation

exaltation, glorification, exhilaration.

exalter

to exalt;

s'--

, become excited.

examiner

to examine.

exaspérer

to exasperate.

excellence

excellence;

par --

, preëminently.

excellent, -e

adj.

excellent.

excepter

to except; excepté,

prep.

except.

excès

excess.

excessif, -ive

adj.

excessive, exorbitant.

exciter

to excite, arouse.

exclamation

exclamation.

exclusivement

adv.

exclusively.

excuse

excuse.

excuser

to excuse.

exécuter

to execute.

exécution

execution.

exemple

example, parallel, copy;

par --

, indeed, really, for example.

exempt, -e

adj.

exempt, free (

not pronounced).

exercer

to exercise, practice, train;

s'--

, practice, be trained, be exercised, drill, be

produced.

exercice

exercise, drill.

exhaler

to exhale, give vent to, heave.

exiger

to exact, demand.

exil

exile.

exiler

to exile.

existence

existence.

exister

to exist.

expédition

expedition.

expérience

experience, experiment.

expier

to expiate, atone for.

expirer

to expire, die, die away.

explication

explanation.

expliquer

to explain;

s'--

, explain oneself, be explained, give an explanation.

exploiter

to exploit.

explorer

to explore.

explosion

explosion.

exposer

to expose.

exposition

exposition;

Exposition de 89

, Paris Exposition of 1889.

exprès, expresse

adj. and adv.

express, on purpose;

par un fait --

, on purpose, by a

prearrangement.

expressément

adv.

expressly.

expressif, -ive

adj.

expressive.

expression

expression.

exprimer

to express.

ex-prince

ex-prince.

expulser

to expel, drive out.

exquis, -e

adj.

exquisite.

extase

ecstasy.

extatique

adj.

ecstatic.

exténuer

to extenuate, weaken, exhaust.

extérieur, -e

adj.

and m. exterior, outer, outside.

exterminer

to exterminate.

extraordinaire

adj.

extraordinary.

extravagance

extravagance, excess, wild idea.

extravagant, -e

adj.

extravagant, wild, unreasonable.

extrême

adj.

extreme.

extrêmement

adv.

extremely.

extrémité

extremity, tip.

F

f...

, abbreviation for

foutu

fabliau

fabliau (humorous medieval tale).

fabricant

manufacturer.

fabrique

factory, manufacture, make;

marque de --

, trade-mark.

fabriquer

to manufacture, make.

fabuleux, -euse

adj.

fabulous.

face

face, front;

en --

, opposite, in presence of, openly, squarely;

en -- de

, opposite,

changer de --

, to change appearance.

facétie

facetiousness, joke (

pronounced as

fâcher

to anger;

se --

, get angry;

fâché, -e

, adj. angry, sorry.

fâcheux, -euse

adj.

grievous, vexatious.

facile

adj.

easy.

facilement

adv.

easily.

facilité

facility, ease, fluency.

façon

fashion, manner, way, composition;

de -- à

, so as to;

d'une -- continue

continuously.

fagot

fagot.

faible

adj. and s.

feeble, weak, faint, weak person.

faiblement

adv.

feebly, weakly, faintly.

faiblesse

feebleness, weakness, swoon.

Faidherbe (Louis)

, distinguished general of Franco-Prussian war (1818-1889).

faignant

, popular for

faitnéant

faigniant

, dialectic for

fainéant

faillir

to rail, err, corne near;

-- à l'honneur

, act dishonorably.

faillite

bankruptcy;

faire --

, to fail.

faim

hunger.

fainéant, -e

adj. and s.

idle, lazy fellow, do-nothing, sluggard.

faire

to do, make, form, build, perform, cause, act, heave, utter, let, mark, play the part of,

bring it about (that), be (weather), take (a step, a nap), commit (an act), have (a dream,

supper, anything clone), pay (court, compliment, attention), pass over or cover (distance),

serve (time), give (pleasure, trouble, light, pain), say (when quoting), ask (a question), play (a

game), attach (importance), cut (teeth), compose (verses), carry on (trade);

se --

, be done, be

made, be produced, grow, become, be;

se -- à

, become accustomed to, adapt oneself to;

-- danser

, invite to dance, play for a dance for;

me -- envie

, make me envious;

-- entrer

, show

in, take in;

-- voir

, show;

que --?

, what is (was, etc.) to be done?;

ne -- que

, only (with a verb);

n'avoir que -- de

, have no reason to, have nothing to do with;

-- venir

, send for;

-- tête à

stand out against, face;

il n'a rien à-- ici

, it is out of place here;

rien n'y fit

, nothing worked;

être fait à

, be adapted to;

les noces furent faites

, the wedding took place.

faisceau

bundle, sheaf; remettre les armes en faisceaux, to stack arms again.

faiseur, -euse

m., f.

maker, dressmaker.

fait

fact, deed; allons

au --

, let us come to the point;

haut fait

, exploit.

faîte

top, ridge (of a roof).

falaise

cliff.

falbala

furbelow, flounce.

falloir

to be necessary, need, must, should, have to;

tant s'en faut

, by a good deal.

fameux, -euse

adj.

famous, great, precious (familiar).

familiariser

to familiarize, accustom.

familier, -ère

adj

familiar.

famille

family.

faner

to fade, wither.

fantaisie

fancy, whim.

fantasmagorie

phantasmagoria (fantastic series of illusive or terrifying figures).

fantasque

adj.

fantastic, fanciful, whimsical.

fantastique

adj.

fantastic, supernatural, incredible.

fantastiquement

adv.

fantastically.

faquir

fakir (Mohammedan monk).

farceur

joker.

fardeau

burden.

farine

flour.

farouche

adj.

wild, unsociable, shy, skittish.

fasciner

to fascinate.

fat

fop, coxcomb (

pronounced).

fatal, -e

adj.

fatal.

fatalité

fatality, mischance.

fatigant, -e

adj.

tiring.

fatigue

fatigue, weariness, hard work.

fatiguer

to weary, tire, exhaust, wear out, lash (of the wind).

faubourg

outskirt, suburb, faubourg (quarter between center and town limit);

le Faubourg

, the Faubourg Saint Germain (Parisian quarter of the old aristocracy).

faubourien, -ne

m., f.

inhabitant of a faubourg (where laborers,workmen, etc., live), plebeian.

faulx

, obsolescent spelling of

faux

faute

fault, error;

-- de

, for lack of;

-- de mieux

, for lack of anything better;

il y a un peu de
votre -- dans

, you are a little to blame for.

fauteuil

armchair.

fauve

adj.

fallow, fawn-colored, tawny;

bête --

, wild beast, deer.

fauvette

warbler.

faux

scythe.

faux

, fausse,

adj.

false, pretended, wrong;

-- pas

, misstep, mistake.

faveur

favor.

favorable

adj.

favorable, pleasing.

favori, -te

adj.

favorite;

m. pl.

whiskers, side-whiskers.

favoriser

to favor.

Fécamp

, town on the English Channel between Le Havre and Dieppe (department of

Seine-Inférieure).

fée

fairy.

feindre

to feign, pretend.

Félibrige

name of a modern school or society of Provençal writers (see also note given on

p. 295).

félicité

felicity.

féliciter

to congratulate.

fellah

fellah (Egyptian peasant).

féminin, -e

adj.

feminine.

femme

woman, wife;

-- de chambre

, maid.

fendre

to split, cleave, crack;

fendu, -e

, split, wide open (of the mouth).

fenêtre

window;

sauter sur la --

, to jump on the window-sill.

fer

iron.

Ferdoussi

, Firdusi or Ferdausi, celebrated Persian epic poet, author of the Shahnamah

or Book of Kings (c. 940-c. 1020).

ferme

adj. and adv.

firm, steady, firmly, steadily, hard.

ferme

farm, farming out, lease.

fermenter

to ferment.

fermer

to close, shut;

se --

, close.

fermeté

firmness, steadiness.

fermeture

closing, fastening.

fermier

farmer;

-- général

, farmer-general (financier to whom, before the French

Revolution, the taxes were farmed out).

féroce

adj.

ferocious.

férocité

ferocity.

ferrer

to tip with iron, shoe.

ferveur

fervor.

fête

festival, holiday, party, entertainment;

jour de --

, holiday.

feu

fire, shot;

de --

, of fire, fiery, red-hot;

faire --

, to fire;

mettre le --

, set fire (to anything);

au coin de son --

, at her fireside.

feu, -e

adj.

late, deceased.

feuille

leaf.

feuillée

bower, foliage.

feuillet

leaf (of a book).

feuilleter

to turn the leaves of.

feutre

felt, felt hat.

février

February.

interj.

fie!;

-- donc!

, fie!, for shame!

fiancer

to betroth;

fiancé, -e

, fiancé, fiancée, betrothed.

ficeler

to tie, bind.

ficelle

string.

fidèle

adj.

faithful.

fiente

dung (of birds, cattle, etc.).

fier

to trust;

se -- à (sur)

, trust to, rely on.

fier, -ère

adj.

proud, haughty, stout, bold;

avoir un -- courage

, to be downright courageous

(

pronounced).

fièrement

adv.

proudly.

fierté

pride.

fieu

, dialectic for fils.

fièvre

lever.

fiévreux, -euse

adj. and s.

feverish, person with a lever.

figer

to congeal;

se --

, be congealed or coagulated.

figurant, -e

m., f.

supernumerary.

figure

face, figure;

faire --

to cut a figure, be quite prominent.

figurer (se)

to imagine, picture, represent; figurez-vous, just imagine.

fil

thread, line, wire, edge (

pronounced).

filature

spinning-mill.

file

file, row.

filer

to spin, file by, be off, get away, shoot by, move along, cover ground, pay out;

-- son
chemin

, make off.

filet

net, netting, thread, filet, bead, small stream, fillet.

fille

daughter, girl;

-- à marier

, marriageable girl;

-- mère

, unmarried mother.

filou

pickpocket, sharper.

fils

son;

-- de famille

, gentleman's son;

Fils de France

, French prince (pronounced:

fis

fin

end.

fin, -e

adj.

fine, delicate, precious, of fine quality;

fine fleur

, cream, finest quality;

au -- fond
de son sommeil

, really and soundly asleep;

fine

(abbreviation for

fine champagne

), choice brandy.

finalement

adv.

finally, once for all.

financier, -ère

adj. and s.

financial, financier.

finir

to finish, end;

-- par

(with infinitive), finally.

firmament

firmament.

fisc

public treasury.

fixe

adj.

fixed, appointed.

fixement

adv.

fixedly.

fixer

to fix.

flacon

flask.

flairer

to scent, smell.

flamber

to flame, blaze, blaze up, burst into flame, burn.

flamboyer

to flame, glitter, glisten;

flamboyant, -e

, flamboyant, flaming.

flamme

flame.

flanc

flank, side.

Flandre

Flanders.

flâner

to lounge, lie about, lie, stroll.

flanquer

to flank, hit, let have or give (a blow);

flanqué de

, flanked by, having on the sides.

flaque

puddle.

flasque

adj.

flabby, loose.

flatter

to flatter.

flatterie

flattery.

flatteur, -euse

adj.

flattering.

fléau

flail, scourge.

flèche

arrow.

fleur

flower;

petite -- bleue

, little blue flower of poetic imagination.

fleurer

to smell (of).

fleurette

little flower, gallant speech.

fleurir

to flower, blossom, adorn with flowers;

fleuri, -e

, flowered, flowery.

fleuron

flower-like ornament, vignette, flourish.

fleuve

river.

flocon

flake.

Flore

, Flora (Roman goddess of flowers).

florin

florin (of varying value, the former German coin was worth 40 cents).

flot

wave, flood.

flotte

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